Heliconius butterflies have a diversity of colors and patterns, but usually they have orange, black and yellow tones. This genus of butterflies has a rapid adaptive radiation by pupal-mating behavior and pollen feeding, the last one is the reason why these species are important pollinators.
PDF, Articles, Books
- AGUIAR, J., PANSARIN, L., ACKERMAN, J. and E. PANSARIN and Felix MEDINA Tzuc
- 2012
- Biotic versus abiotic pollination in Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. (Orchidaceae). Plant Species Biology. Vol. 27. Pages 86-95. Available online.
BARP, Elise., SOARES, Geraldo., GIANI, Erica., RODRIGUES, Daniela and Gilson MOREIRA- 2010
- Variation in Nectar and Pollen Availability, Sucrose Preference, and Daily Response in the Use of Flowers by Heliconius erato phyllis. Journal of Insect Behavior. No. 24. Pages 200-219. Available online.
BOGGS, C., SMILEY, J. and G. LAWRENCE- 1981
- Patterns of Pollen Exploitation by Heliconius Butterflies. Oecologia. No. 48. Pages 284-289. Available online.
EBERHARD, Stefan., HIKL, Anna., BOGGS, Carol and Harald KRENN- 2009
- Saliva or Regurgitated Nectar? What Heliconoius Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Use for Pollen Feeding. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Vol. 102, No. 6. Pages 1105-1108. Available online.
ESTRADA, C. and C. JIGGINS- 2002
- Patterns of pollen feeding and habitat preference among Heliconius species. Ecological Entomology. No. 27. Pages 448-456. Available online.
HIKL, Anna and Harald KRENN- 2011
- Pollen processing behavior of Heliconius butterflies: A derived grooming behavior. Journal of Insect Science. Vol. 11, No. 99. Pages 1-13. Available online.
MOREIRA, G., CORREA, C. and E. MUGRABI- 1996
- Pollination of Habenaria pleiophylla Hoehne & Schlechter (Orchidaceae) by Heliconius erato Phyllis Fabricius (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Revista brasileña de Zoología. Vol. 13, No.3. Pages 791-798. Available online.
O’BRIEN, Diane., BOGGS, Carol and Marilyn FOGEL- 2003
- Pollen feeding in the butterfly Heliconius charitonia: isotopic evidence for essential amino acid transfer from pollen to eggs. The Royal Society. No. 270. Pages 2631-2636. Available online.
PENZ, C. M. and H. W. KRENN- 2000
- Behavioral Adaptations to Pollen-Feeding in Heliconius Butterflies (Numphalidae, Heliconiinae): An Experimet Using Lantana Flowers. Journal of Insect Behavior. Vol. 13, No. 6. Pages 865-879. Available online.
Other sites
- www.tolweb.org/tree?group=Heliconius&contgroup=Heliconiini
Information and photos - www.heliconiusworks.com/new_Page/pages/home.html
Photos and illustrations. - http://butterfliesofamerica.com/t/Heliconius_a.htm
Photos
First posted May 17, 2017
